QuestionDecember 21, 2025

9. Describe how Sir Alexander Fleming found penicillin. 10. Why did organ transplants fail before 1954? 11. What are stem cells? 12. Why is it difficult to "kill" a virus?

9. Describe how Sir Alexander Fleming found penicillin. 10. Why did organ transplants fail before 1954? 11. What are stem cells? 12. Why is it difficult to "kill" a virus?
9. Describe how Sir Alexander Fleming found penicillin.
10. Why did organ transplants fail before 1954?
11. What are stem cells?
12. Why is it difficult to "kill" a virus?

Solution
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Answer

Fleming discovered penicillin by observing mold killing bacteria. Organ transplants failed before 1954 due to immune rejection. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with potential to become specialized cells. Killing viruses is difficult because they replicate inside host cells, making selective targeting challenging. Explanation 1. Describe Fleming’s discovery of penicillin In 1928, Fleming noticed that mold (Penicillium notatum) killed bacteria on a petri dish; he identified the substance as penicillin. 2. Explain organ transplant failures before 1954 Transplants failed due to immune rejection; the body attacked foreign tissue because immunosuppressive drugs were unavailable. 3. Define stem cells Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into various specialized cell types. 4. Explain difficulty in killing viruses Viruses use host cells to reproduce; treatments risk harming host cells since viruses lack independent metabolism.

Explanation

1. Describe Fleming’s discovery of penicillin<br /> In 1928, Fleming noticed that mold (Penicillium notatum) killed bacteria on a petri dish; he identified the substance as penicillin.<br />2. Explain organ transplant failures before 1954<br /> Transplants failed due to immune rejection; the body attacked foreign tissue because immunosuppressive drugs were unavailable.<br />3. Define stem cells<br /> Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into various specialized cell types.<br />4. Explain difficulty in killing viruses<br /> Viruses use host cells to reproduce; treatments risk harming host cells since viruses lack independent metabolism.
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