Which type of sentencing guidelines are derived by empirical analysis of former sanctions imposed by judges in the jurisdiction in various types of past cases? a. presumptive sentencing guidelines b. federal sentencing guideline c. voluntary sentencing guidelines d. judicial sentencing guidelines

The __ law of California state forbids private schools from violating students' Firs Amendment rights. Collins Miller Holmes Leonard

One of the constant themes in corrections is that money, or a lack thereof, is a factor in virtually all correctional policy decisions. True False

Judicial review allows the courts to a. check if Congress has exceeded its constitutional authority. b. check if the president has exceeded his constitutional authority. c. check if the states have exceeded their constitutional authority. D d. All of the above

The process of documenting incidents is known as __ typeyouranswer disappointed

Which of the following is an approach that combines institutional and community corrections? A Strict confinement only B Community isolation programs C Restorative justice only D Hybrid models

The __ declares that the national government's authority prevails over any conflicting state or local government's claim. Commerce Clause Necessary and Proper Clause Supremacy Clause Second Amendment

Each of the following are examples of how researchers may expose themselves to criminal liability EXCEPT? Engaging in participant observation studies where crimes are committed Engaging in criminal activity Failing to report observed criminal activity to the police Knowing about illegal activities participants are engaging in

The outcome of Schenck v. United States was a. the bad tendency rule. b. the clear and present danger test. c. the imminent lawless action text. d. the grave and probable danger test.

Who initially determines the time of death at a crime scene? police officer coroner's assistant detective paramedic

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 expanded and encouraged voting and has been renewed and amended by Congress four times. Together with federal court rulings, what does the law now do? Require states to use literacy tests in voter registrations Require states to provide absentee or early voting Require residency requirements of more than 30 days for voting in presidential elections Require states to eliminate segregation