5 The belief that continents have not always been fixed in their present positions was suspected long before the 20^th century; this notion was first suggested as early as 1596 by the Dutch map maker Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus, Ortelius suggested that the Americas were "torn away from Europe and Africa. by earthquakes and floods' and went on to say: "The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves, if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three [continents]: Ortelius "dea surfaced again in the 19^th century. However, it was not until 1912 that the idea of moving continents was seriously considered as a full-blown scientific theory-called continental drift -Introduced in two articles published by a 32 year-old German meteorologist named Allred Lother Wegener. He contended that, around 200 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea began to split apart. Alexander Du Toit, Professor of Geology at Witwatersrand University and one of Wegener's staunchest supporters, proposed that Pangaes first broke into two large continental landmasses. Laurasia in the northern hemisphere and Gondwanaland in the southern hemisphere. Laurasla and Gondwanaland then continued to break apart Into the various smaller continents that exist today. Why do the authors include information about the Dutch map maker, Ortelius,in paragraph 5? to suggest that most intellectuals at the time agreed with Wegener's theory of continental drift . to emphasize that Ortelius's geographical observations lent support to Wegener's theory of continental drift to discredit the significance of Wegener's contributions to the theory of continental drift to confirm that Ortelius's map provided the evidence that Wegener used to prove his theory of continental drift

Learning GOAL You will analyze glacial features in Glacier National Park and make inferences about repional climate. You will predict how the glaciers there might change in the future. Refer to the map of Glacier National Park in Fig.14.14 A List the features of glaciation from Figs.14.3-14.10 that you can observe in Fig.14.14 Locate Quartz Lake and Middle Quartz Lake in the southwest part of the map. Notice the patrol cabin located between these lakes. Infer the chain of geologic/glacial events (steps)that led to formation of Quartz Lake, the valley of Quartz Lake.the small piece of land on which the patrol cabin is located, and the cirque in which Rainbow Glacier is located today C Based on your answers in parts A and B. what kind of glaciation (mountain versus continental) has shaped this landscape? D Locate the continental divide on Fig.14.14 and recall that it divides surface water that flows west into the Pacific Ocean from water that flows east into the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico Think of ways that the continental divide may be related to weather and climate in the region. Recall that weather systems generally move across the United States from west to east. 1. Describe how modem glaciers of this region are distributed in relation to the Continental Divide. 2. Based on the distribution you observed, describe the weathericlimate conditions that may exist on opposite sides of the Continental Divide in this region. 3. Look at the location of glaciers in this map area in relation to ridges and mountain peaks. On which vide(s) of the ridges and mountain peaks do the glaciers tend to be located (C.g., north, south east, west, or some combination)? Suggest at least one explanation for this observation. E Using the data table in Fig14.14 describe how the area of Agassiz Glacier changed from 1850 to 2015.Agassiz Glacier is in the northwest part of the map. F Describe how the area of Vulture Glacier changed from 1850 to 2015, Vulture Glacier is in the southeast part of the map. 2030? G REFLECT 8.DISCUSS Whil do you expect the area (km^2) of Agassiz and Vulture Glaciers to be in 2030 Explain.

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